A Research Guide for Students. We're here to help you write your research papers. Scholars and librarians have collated some of the best resources for literary research and we have the latest styleguides to guide you through footnoting, referencing and bibliographies We write high quality term papers, sample essays, research papers, dissertations, thesis papers, assignments, book reviews, speeches, book reports, custom web content and business papers. The initial step is always left to the client which is making a decision to entrust your paper with our experts The process of writing a research paper. Flow and organization are two of the most important elements of writing. This means that your research paper must be structured well in such a way that every content element or sections that you write contribute to an overall message or an overarching theme
A Research Guide for Students
Rural communities and conducting research in writing a term paper facilities have limited resources to address many health-related needs. Research and needs assessments can help determine where and how resources may best be targeted, and program evaluations can indicate whether a particular intervention or approach works well in a rural context.
Rural stakeholders who understand the purposes of conducting research, needs assessments, and program evaluations, and who have the tools to undertake such activities, will be better positioned to focus their efforts where they will have the best result. Likewise, conducting research in writing a term paper and funders who understand how to help rural communities by supporting rural health research, assessments, and evaluations can help build our nation's understanding of rural health needs and effective interventions to address those needs.
Rural health research, assessment, and evaluation are all endeavors that seek to improve the health of rural populations through better understanding. These three activities often overlap, share similar methods, and may be defined differently depending on who you ask. Research seeks to discover new knowledge through systematic investigation.
Researchers use the scientific method, forming a hypothesis about some aspect of how the world works, and then testing the hypothesis through observation or experiments to determine if it is accurate. Needs assessments seek to measure, or assess, the circumstances present in a specific community, organization, or program. Assessment can be used to identify needs or gaps in available rural health services, as well as assets and strengths.
Program evaluation focuses on determining how well a program or service is doing in terms of meeting specific goals and objectives. Ideally, conducting research in writing a term paper, the goals and objectives were identified prior to implementation of the program, or at minimum, prior to knowing the program results. The focus of program evaluation is to provide information to help administrators and staff make decisions about how to improve the delivery and impact of a program.
What is being evaluated is driven by the program stakeholders' values. All three activities can be conducted by a conducting research in writing a term paper, healthcare facility, government agency, or academic institution, assuming the investigators have the appropriate skills or a mentor to help develop those skills.
Before you begin an inquiry, determine whether you intend to do research, assessment, or evaluation. Clarifying your purpose will help you select the appropriate methods for documenting and sharing what you learn.
Many methods are available to gather evidence. Selecting the appropriate methods will depend on the questions you have in mind, the resources and expertise available, and time and geographic constraints.
Surveys use sets of questions, which can be asked in-person, by phone, on a paper form, or online. These questions can be targeted to an individual, such as a rural resident or healthcare professional, or to an institution, such as a rural hospital. A survey, or questionnaire, might be used by itself for point-in-time information, or might be targeted to before and after an intervention, to see if there is a change in circumstance. Interviews are discussions between an interviewer and another person, who may represent themselves individually or represent an institution.
Interviews are less structured than surveys. A key informant interview, for example, is used to find out in-depth information about a community or organization by asking a stakeholder for their insights. Focus groups are like group interviews.
A facilitator leads a gathering of participants, all of whom share some common characteristic, such as living in the same rural community or belonging to a similar stakeholder group. Like the interview, a focus group is less structured than a survey. Because of interactions among the participants, it may offer rich insights that would not be obtained individually, conducting research in writing a term paper.
Observation involves the investigator watching participants do something that is of interest. For example, a study might observe how healthcare workers interact with a telemedicine program in providing care to patients, conducting research in writing a term paper. Abstraction is the process of taking data from existing records. For example, a study could involve pulling specific information from a set of medical records to conducting research in writing a term paper if best practices were followed.
Secondary data can be taken from existing data sources. For example, conducting research in writing a term paper, a needs assessment might draw on data collected by various state and federal sources. For more information on data sources, see Finding Statistics and Conducting research in writing a term paper Related to Rural Health. Indicators are measureable information showing the condition or existence of something.
Indicators are especially useful in evaluation because they are trusted by administrators or program staff to inform decisions. For example, many people in rural areas will seek healthcare in an emergency department after clinic hours or during the weekend. These costly visits are an indicator of another problem: a lack of access to primary care during the evening and on weekends.
Care should be taken in selecting indicators, as some may be time-consuming or expensive to collect. Whether you are collecting data for research, assessment, or evaluation, it is your obligation to make sure that it is managed in a responsible manner, particularly any information that relates to an individual or family.
In rural areas, where people may know more about one another and where various characteristics can make it easier to pick out a person from the crowd, it is even more important to consider how data is handled and stored. The National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics Toolkit for Communities Using Health Data includes information on de-identification, data security, and other topics for protecting data.
Needs assessments and program evaluation planning should be included at the start of a rural project:. It can be appealing when you hear about a successful project in another rural community, or a set of activities that sound useful, to decide this is the intervention to use.
However, there is no guarantee the circumstances in the other community are similar enough to your own for the same intervention to work. A needs assessment conducted prior to the beginning of program planning and implementation will be most effective. Understanding the current circumstances, both needs and strengths, can help program planners select and adapt an intervention that is a good match for their community.
Learn more about rural health needs assessments. Rural communities, in particular, conducting research in writing a term paper, face challenges if they invest resources in a poorly targeted intervention, such as:. A program evaluation should be designed in the planning stage of a project. This will clarify the rationale for the program and how the proposed activities target the needs the program intends to address.
Planning the evaluation before you begin will ensure you are measuring things within the direct and immediate control of the program. Learn more about rural program evaluation. Rural health research can focus on a wide range of topics conducting research in writing a term paper to the delivery of rural medical services, the viability of rural healthcare facilities, and the health of rural people. It is part of the field of health services research that looks more broadly at healthcare access, quality, and cost.
Rural health research can also examine outcomes for rural populations. See What is comparative effectiveness research CER and how can it help us understand how well specific healthcare interventions work for rural residents? The Federal Office of Rural Health Policy FORHP funds rural health research centers to study issues of current, national concern related to rural health.
The Rural Health Research Gateway lists current FORHP-funded centersas well as the research projects and findings underway and completed. It also lists a number of previously funded rural health research centers and their work. Health services researchers at other organizations also study rural health issues. Some of these researchers work at academic centers focused specifically on rural health. Others may be part of an academic department, research organization, or other group that has another primary focus, such as nutrition or healthcare workforce, and includes "rural" as an aspect of their research because it relates to their primary field.
For a selected list of centers that conduct or otherwise support rural health research, please see the Organizations section of this guide. You can also find information on health services researchers via HSRProj Health Services Research Projects in Progressa searchable database of current health services research underway. HSRProj includes project descriptions and contact information for the investigator.
In addition to funding provided by the Health Resources and Services Administration through the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy and its Rural Health Research Centers programthese federal organizations also support research on rural health topics:.
Some philanthropic organizations have an interest in rural health that may include funding rural health research. For example, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Helmsley Charitable Trust have supported research related to their funding interests. For specific funding for rural health research, please see the Funding section of this guide. A American Journal of Public Health article, Rural Definitions for Health Policy and Researchdiscusses the importance of using an appropriate rural definition to develop research findings that offer accurate conclusions.
The three key considerations the authors identify for selecting a rural definition to use in a research project are:. The authors recommend researchers learn about the various definitions and the pros and cons of each early in their research process. A snapshot of these pros and cons for common rural definitions is available in Conducting research in writing a term paper 1 of the same paper. The paper points out not only the differences between urban and rural areas, but also across rural areas, depending on their population size, geographic isolation, and other factors.
Any definition will either under- or over-represent rural or urban in some way. Definitions that use only two categories, rural and urban, with no gradations within the rural category, may miss local issues that impact particular types of rural communities. A article in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health, The Utility of Rural and Underserved Designations in Geospatial Assessments of Distance Traveled to Healthcare Services: Implications for Public Health Research and Practiceaddresses many of the same concerns as the AJPH article and points out the common rural definitions used for health services research were not developed with health policy in conducting research in writing a term paper, and so should be used cautiously.
The article reports on a study comparing eight counties in Central Texas, using various rural and underserved designations to examine the same health issues as part of a community assessment. Of the eight counties, only the most urban and the most remote county had consistent status as urban or rural across the definitions considered, illustrating how the selection of a rural definition can impact rural health research findings and resulting health policy.
For more conducting research in writing a term paper about current rural definitions, see the RHIhub topic guide What is Rural? Aside from concerns about how to select an appropriate rural definition, additional issues rural health researchers should consider include:. A findings brief from the North Carolina Rural Health Research Program, Range Matters: Rural Averages Can Conceal Important Informationdiscusses the importance of looking at highs and lows in data rather than just relying on averages.
It argues that rural health data may include more extreme values than urban data and provides three rural examples illustrating the benefit of considering the range as well as average.
A National Center for Health Statistics report, U. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project: Methodology and Results Summarydiscusses both the challenges of and importance of looking at mortality outcomes for small geographic areas such as census tracts. It conducting research in writing a term paper a methodology developed to calculate reliable life expectancy estimates for census tracts with small populations.
The Journal of Rural Health article, Community Outreach and Engagement to Prepare for Household Recruitment of National Children's Study Participants in a Rural Settingidentifies the following recommendations for undertaking a rural research project:. Researchers can also partner with the community in sharing findings, as a way of demonstrating the research effort is mutually beneficial.
Additional sources that discuss special concerns rural health researchers should consider:. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ defines community-based participatory research CBPR as. When using the CBPR approach, community members, healthcare facilities, and other conducting research in writing a term paper work alongside researchers, conducting research in writing a term paper.
This cooperation should begin as early as setting a research agenda and identifying community needs and continue through dissemination of research findings, implementation of interventions, and on to future studies. The development of an ongoing relationship between the community and the researchers is an important piece of CBPR.
It helps develop trust and participation and ensures the work undertaken is relevant to the community and that findings and interventions benefit the community and the researcher.
A Clinical Interventions in Aging article, Evaluating a Community-Based Participatory Research Project for Elderly Mental Healthcare in Rural Americadescribes some specific aspects of applying CBPR in a rural setting. Researchers coming to a rural community can be perceived as outsiders, so developing an advisory board and building a presence in the community early on in the research process is important.
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Jun 07, · A research paper is just as its name suggests — a form of academic writing that necessitates the independent investigation of a specified topic and reports the unique results of that investigation. Suny Empire State College provides a great and exhaustive explanation of what a research paper is Jul 23, · Those new to writing about health services research may find the AcademyHealth guide, Writing Articles for Peer-Review Publications: A Quick Reference Guide for PHSSR, useful. The guide can help those involved in a research project to develop their findings into an Mar 30, · Conducting polymers are promising material candidates in diverse applications including energy storage, flexible electronics, and bioelectronics. However, the fabrication of conducting
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